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Sir Stephen Harold Spender (28 February 1909 – 16 July 1995) was an English poet, novelist and essayist whose work concentrated on themes of social injustice and the class struggle. He was appointed U.S. Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1965.
Spender was acquainted with fellow Auden Group members Louis MacNeice, Edward Upward and Cecil Day-Lewis. He was friendly with David Jones and later came to know William Butler Yeats, Allen Ginsberg, Ted Hughes, Joseph Brodsky, Isaiah Berlin, Mary McCarthy, Roy Campbell, Raymond Chandler, Dylan Thomas, Jean-Paul Sartre, Colin Wilson, Aleister Crowley, F. T. Prince and T. S. Eliot, as well as members of the Bloomsbury Group, particularly Virginia Woolf. He was involved with American writer William Goyen and later traveled with a group through India with Goyen's former partner, American artist Joseph Glasco.
Spender was discovered by T. S. Eliot, an editor at Faber and Faber, in 1933.
His early poetry, notably Poems (1933), was often inspired by social protest. Living in Vienna, he further expressed his convictions in Forward from Liberalism; in Vienna (1934), a long poem in praise of the 1934 uprising of Austrian socialists; and in Trial of a Judge (1938), an antifascist drama in verse.
At the Shakespeare and Company bookstore in Paris, which published the first edition of James Joyce's Ulysses, historic figures made rare appearances to read their work: Paul Valéry, André Gide and Eliot. Hemingway even broke his rule of not reading in public if Spender would read with him. Since Spender agreed, Hemingway appeared for a rare reading in public with him.
In 1936, Spender became a member of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Harry Pollitt, its head, invited him to write for the Daily Worker on the Moscow Trials. In late 1936, Spender married Inez Pearn, whom he had recently met at an Aid to Spain meeting. She was described as "small and rather ironic" and "strikingly good-looking".
In January 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, the Daily Worker sent Spender to Spain on a mission to observe and report on the Soviet ship Komsomol, which had sunk while carrying Soviet weapons to the Second Spanish Republic. He travelled to Tangier with his close friend, T. C. Worsley and tried to enter Spain via Cadiz, but they were sent back. They then travelled to Valencia, where Spender met Hemingway and Manuel Altolaguirre. A secondary (or possibly the primary) reason for his trip was an initially unsuccessful attempt to rescue his jilted lover, the "former Welsh Guardsman turned occasional prostitute" Tony Hyndman, who had left for Spain two days after Spender's marriage to join the International Brigade. Hyndman saw action at the Battle of Jarama in February 1937, and promptly deserted. He was captured and imprisoned in a Republican jail on charges of desertion and cowardice. Spender eventually secured his release and repatriation, in the process being forced to disclose the sexual nature of their relationship to Harry Pollitt, head of the Communist Party of Great Britain, leading shortly afterwards to his departure from the Party. (2025). 9780008132088, William Collins. ISBN 9780008132088
In July 1937, Spender attended the Second International Writers' Congress, the purpose of which was to discuss the attitude of intellectuals to the war, held in Valencia, Barcelona and Madrid and attended by many writers, including Hemingway, André Malraux, and Pablo Neruda. (2025). 9780141011615, Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141011615
Spender was imprisoned for a while in Albacete. In Madrid, he met Malraux; they discussed Gide's Retour de l'U.R.S.S.. Because of medical problems, he went back to England and bought a house in Lavenham. In 1939, he divorced.
Spender's 1938 translations of works by Bertolt Brecht and Miguel Hernández appeared in John Lehmann's New Writing. New Writing at Google Books. Retrieved 21 March 2009.
Spender felt close to the Jewish people; his mother, Violet Hilda Schuster, was half-Jewish (her father's family were German Jews who converted to Christianity, and her mother came from an upper-class family of Catholic German, Lutheran Danish and distant Italian descent). His second wife, Natasha Spender, whom he married in 1941, was also Jewish. In 1942, he joined the fire brigade of Cricklewood and Maresfield Gardens as a volunteer. Spender met several times with the poet Edwin Muir.
After leaving the Communist Party, Spender wrote of his disillusionment with communism in the essay collection The God that Failed (1949), along with Arthur Koestler and others. It is thought that one of the big areas of disappointment was the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, which many leftists saw as a betrayal. Like Auden, Isherwood and several other outspoken opponents of fascism in the 1930s, Spender did not see active military service in World War II. He was initially graded C upon examination because of his earlier colitis, poor eyesight, varicose veins and the long-term effects of a tapeworm in 1934. But he pulled strings to be reexamined and was upgraded to B, which meant he could serve in the London Auxiliary Fire Service. Spender spent the winter of 1940 teaching at Blundell's School, taking a position that had been vacated by Manning Clark, who returned to Australia as a consequence of the war to teach at Geelong Grammar.Stephen Holt, Manning Clark and Australian History, 1915–1963, St Lucia: UQP, 1982, p. 60.
After the war, Spender was a member of the Allied Control Commission, restoring civil authority in Germany.
With Cyril Connolly and Peter Watson, Spender co-founded Horizon magazine and served as its editor from 1939 to 1941. From 1947 to 1949, he went to the US several times and saw Auden and Isherwood. He was the editor of Encounter magazine from 1953 to 1966 but resigned after it emerged that the Congress for Cultural Freedom, which published it, was covertly funded by the CIA.
Spender insisted that he was unaware of the ultimate source of the magazine's funds. He taught at various American institutions including University of California at Berkeley and Northwestern University. He accepted the Elliston Chair of Poetry at the University of Cincinnati in 1954. In 1961, he became professor of rhetoric at Gresham College, London.
Spender helped found the magazine Index on Censorship, was involved in the founding of the Poetry Book Society and did work for UNESCO.Warwick McFadyen, review of John Sutherland's biography Stephen Spender, The Age, p. 3 He was appointed the 17th Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1965.
During the late 1960s, Spender frequently visited the University of Connecticut, which he declared had the "most congenial teaching faculty" he had encountered in the United States.
Spender was Professor of English at University College London from 1970 to 1977 and then became professor emeritus. He was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) at the 1962 Queen's Birthday Honours, and Knight Bachelor in the 1983 Queen's Birthday Honours. At a ceremony commemorating the 40th anniversary of the Normandy Invasion on 6 June 1984, US President Ronald Reagan quoted from Spender's poem "The Truly Great" in his remarks:
Spender "collected and befriended artists such as Jean Arp, Frank Auerbach, Bacon, Lucian Freud, Giacometti, Arshile Gorky, Philip Guston, David Hockney, Henry Moore, Giorgio Morandi, Picasso and others". In The Worlds of Stephen Spender, the artist Frank Auerbach selected art work by those masters to accompany Spender's poems.
Spender wrote China Diary with Hockney in 1982, published by Thames and Hudson art publishers in London. (1982). 9780500012901, Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500012901
The Russian-born artist Wassily Kandinsky created an etching for Spender, Fraternity, in 1939.
Spender's sexuality has been the subject of debate. His seemingly changing attitudes have caused him to be labelled bisexual, repressed, latently homophobic, or simply something complex that resists easy labelling. Many of his friends in his earlier years were gay. Spender had many affairs with men in his earlier years, most notably Hyndman, who was called "Jimmy Younger" in his memoir World Within World. After his affair with Muriel Gardiner, he shifted his focus to heterosexuality, but his relationship with Hyndman complicated both that relationship and his short-lived marriage to Pearn. His marriage to Litvin in 1941 seems to have marked the end of his romantic relationships with men but not the end of all homosexual activity, as his unexpurgated diaries have revealed.Paul Kildea, , Penguin Books (ISBN 978-0-14-192430-4), 2013, p. 216. Subsequently, he toned down homosexual allusions in later editions of his poetry. The following line was revised in a republished edition: "Whatever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have a boy, a railway fare, or a revolution" to "Whatever happens, I shall never be alone. I shall always have an affair, a railway fare, or a revolution". Nevertheless, he was a founding member of the Homosexual Law Reform Society, which lobbied for the repeal of British sodomy laws. Spender sued author David Leavitt for allegedly using his relationship with "Jimmy Younger" in Leavitt's While England Sleeps in 1994. The case was settled out of court, with Leavitt removing certain portions from his text.
Death
On 16 July 1995, Spender died of a heart attack in Westminster, London, aged 86.Stephen Spender: A Literary Life He was buried in the graveyard of St Mary on Paddington Green Church, in London.
Stephen Spender Trust
The Stephen Spender Trust is a registered charity that was founded to widen the knowledge of 20th-century literature, with a particular focus on Spender's circle of writers, and to promote literary translation. The trust's activities include poetry readings; academic conferences; a seminar series in partnership with the Institute of English Studies; an archive programme in conjunction with the British Library and the Bodleian; work with schools via Translation Nation; the Guardian Stephen Spender Prize, an annual poetry translation prize established in 2004; and the Joseph Brodsky/Stephen Spender Prize, a worldwide Russian–English translation competition.
Awards and honours
Spender was awarded the Golden PEN Award in 1995.
Works
Poetry
Drama
Novels and short story collections
Criticism, travel books and essays
Memoir
Letters and journals
See also
Further reading
External links
Categories: 1909 Births, 1995 Deaths, Alumni Of University College, Oxford, Academics Of University College London, American Poets Laureate, British People Of The Spanish Civil War, Commanders Of The Order Of The British Empire, Communist Party Of Great Britain Members, Bisexual Poets, English Communists, English Essayists, Formalist Poets, Knights Bachelor, Bisexual Memoirists, People Educated At Blundell's School, People Educated At Gresham's School, People Educated At The Hall School, Hampstead, People Educated At University College School, 20th-century English Poets, Bisexual Male Writers, English People Of German-jewish Descent, English Anti-fascists, English People Of Italian Descent, English People Of German Descent, English People Of Danish Descent, English Lgbtq Poets, English Bisexual Men, English Bisexual Writers, Anti-stalinist Left, People From Kensington, Writers From The Royal Borough Of Kensington And Chelsea, 20th-century English Non-fiction Writers, People From Sheringham, Bisexual Academics, British Magazine Founders, Presidents Of The English Centre Of Pen
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